Knowledge and awareness of demographic changes, their characteristics and dimensions, has a key importance and place in planning, all aspects of life and welfare-development policies. Demographic change has affected almost all aspects of life and the world around us and has had numerous effects on social, economic and political subsystems, which has been the source of significant change in these areas. This book examines one of the most important emerging demographic phenomena in contemporary Iran, namely changes in the age structure of the population, the emergence of the demographic window and the opportunities and challenges arising from it for the economy and the labor market.